Geophysical Systems (Volcanoes)
How geological processes give rise to geophysical events of differing type and magnitude?
1. Mechanisms of Plate Movement
Plate Tectonics: How do geological processes give rise to geophysical events of differing type and magnitude (ie: volcanoes, earthquakes & landslides)? Students should understand: Mechanisms of plate movement including internal heating, convection currents, plumes, subduction and rifting at plate margins 1) How much do you know? Take the Dynamic Earth Challenge and complete the work assigned on this linked note page. 2) Theory of Plate Tectonics/Mechanisms of Movement PPT (notes!) 3) Diagrams You Really Should Know! Ensure you can draw the diagrams in these slides... |
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Student Sketches (2017) - Practice with Annotations
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Geophysical Hazard Risks (Volcanoes)
How geophysical systems generate hazard risks for different places?
3. Risk and Impact of Volcanoes
RISK is the probability of a particular geophysical hazard happening. To know the risk and potential impact of volcanoes we need to know:
• Frequency – when do they occur – regularly? • Scale – do events vary in how bad they might be? • Distribution – where it occurs on earth?
3a. MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY - Measuring Volcanoes:
Using the Volcanic Explosivity Index and web research create a visual display/chart of four different VEIs (ratings of 1-2, 3-4, 5-6 and 7-8).
Include: Type of Eruption, Height of Column, Volume of Materials, Frequency of Eruption, Well-Known Example and Description of Event
3b. SCALE - 'Geographic Factors' Contribute to a Higher or Lower Impact:
Using the textbook pages 181-184, summarize how these key geographic factors would impact the severity of a volcanic explosion:
Population Density Types of Rocks/Sediments
Type of Buildings Secondary Hazards
Time of Day Economic Development
Distance from Event
3c. DISTRIBUTION: Check the Global Hazards Interactive Map
- look at pattern of past volcanic events under 'past events'
- in your book, describe the pattern of natural hazards for volcanic eruptions
- use these words in your descriptions: "highest concentrations" / geophysical hazard" / "pattern"
- under the 'background' tab, add the "population 2010" layer
- describe the pattern of risk for areas of high population
- use these words in your description: "areas of high population density" / "regions of high risk"
- under the 'contextual layers' tab, add the "urban assets" layer
- describe the pattern of risk for urban areas adjacent to volcanic activity
- use these words in your description "global pattern" / "urban areas at risk" / "regions of least risk"
Hazard Risk and Vulnerability (Volcanoes)
What power do geophysical hazards have to affect people in different local contexts?
4. Risk and Vulnerability: Volcanic Case Study #1 - Montserrat
The Caribbean island of Montserrat is situated on a destructive plate boundary. Underneath Montserrat the Atlantic plate is slowly being forced under the [lighter] Caribbean plate. Convection currents pull the dense oceanic Atlantic plate into the mantle where intense heat and friction cause the rock to melt. This molten rock is lighter than the surrounding rock, forcing it to rise through cracks in the in the rock towards the earth's surface. ~ BBC Scotland Education 4a) Montserrat Eruption 1995-1997 - What Happened? Brief Overview of Montserrat Eruption Student Worksheet: Case Study Template 4b) Impacts - What We Know Now: Long-Term Effects: Montserrat 20 Years On Ash to Cash: Montserrat to Gamble it's Future on Volcano Textbook pgs: 192-192 Ensure you know the following: 1. The location of Montserrat - you could include a sketch map! 2. What caused the eruption? (type of boundary, plate names, process) 3. The type of eruption and hazard profiles (explosive type and primary vs. secondary hazards) 4. Describe the short term (weeks afterwards) impacts of the eruption. 5. Explain the long term (years afterwards) effects of the eruption. 6. How was the hazard of the volcanic activity 'managed' ? 7. Why did 23 people die and who were the most vulnerable? And Now The Volcano Forecast |
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5. Volcanic Case Study #2 - Mt Merapi
5a) Mt. Merapi Explosion Case Study Overview "Mount Merapi is located in South East Asia in the country of Indonesia. It is North of Yogyakarta and West of Solo on the island of Java. It is 1,700m high and has been erupting regularly since the 1500s." 5b) Mt. Merapi and Sulfur Dioxide - NASA "In late October and early November 2010, eruptions at Indonesia’s Mount Merapi produced ash plumes, lahars,and pyroclastic flows. The volcano also released sulfur dioxide, a colorless gas that can harm human health and cool Earth's climate." 5c) Overview: Merapi Eruption - Global Vulcanism Program Click on the Bulletin Report: " 02/2011 (BGVN 36:01) Eruption started 26 October 2010; 386 deaths, more than 300,000 evacuated" 5d) Mt. Merapi in the Medium Term - Strategies and Decisions "For many, the foot of one of the most active volcanoes in the world is not considered as a desirable place to live. Yet, residents living near Mount Merapi in Indonesia have chosen to face the risks rather than to move further away from the mountain." 5e) Combatting Risk: Challenges and Opportunities "Today saw Mount Merapi in Indonesia erupt again in events that have seen almost 200 killed and more than 360,000 people flee their homes. So why do so many people end up at risk from such natural hazards? And is there anything scientists can do to help limit the human cost?" |
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Geophysical Systems (Earthquakes)
How geological processes give rise to geophysical events of differing type and magnitude? |
6. Characteristics of EarthquakesStudents should know: (depth of focus, epicentre, wave types) caused by varying types of plate margin movement and human triggers (dam building, resource extraction); and associated secondary hazards (tsunami, landslides, liquefaction, transverse faults) Teaching Tools: Earthquake Sounds / Facts / History 6a. Student WS #1 - definitions and student work for lesson one Use 'The Science of Earthquakes' link for your definitions 6b. Primary vs. Secondary Hazards - create notes for each type 6c. P-Waves and S-Waves - Handy animation to explain the difference! |
Geophysical Hazard Risks (Earthquakes)
How geophysical systems generate hazard risks for different places?
7. Risk and Impact of Earthquakes
7a. Using the Global Hazards Interactive Map, complete the following questions: (see images below for help)
i) Under 'contextual layers' add 'country borders'
Under 'past events' add 'earthquake events' and:
DESCRIBE the global distribution of past earthquake events, focusing on areas of high and low earthquake activity [6 marks]
ii) Un-click 'earthquake events' and under the 'risk' section add 'Earthquake Average Annual Loss'
DESCRIBE the global distribution of losses (USD) due to earthquake activity, focusing on areas of high and low earthquake activity [6 marks]
7b. Read pages 179-180 of the textbook and complete the following:
Define 'recurrence interval' or 'return period' (including general rule for high vs low intensity earthquakes)
Outline the difference in destructive power for an earthquake with a magnitude of 9 vs. 7.
Describe the difference between the RIchter Scale and the Moment Magnitude Scale (M).
7c. Copy/screenshot the graph from How Often Earthquakes Occur? into your notes. (same as textbook)
7a. Using the Global Hazards Interactive Map, complete the following questions: (see images below for help)
i) Under 'contextual layers' add 'country borders'
Under 'past events' add 'earthquake events' and:
DESCRIBE the global distribution of past earthquake events, focusing on areas of high and low earthquake activity [6 marks]
ii) Un-click 'earthquake events' and under the 'risk' section add 'Earthquake Average Annual Loss'
DESCRIBE the global distribution of losses (USD) due to earthquake activity, focusing on areas of high and low earthquake activity [6 marks]
7b. Read pages 179-180 of the textbook and complete the following:
Define 'recurrence interval' or 'return period' (including general rule for high vs low intensity earthquakes)
Outline the difference in destructive power for an earthquake with a magnitude of 9 vs. 7.
Describe the difference between the RIchter Scale and the Moment Magnitude Scale (M).
7c. Copy/screenshot the graph from How Often Earthquakes Occur? into your notes. (same as textbook)
8. Vulnerability: Why are Certain Populations More Vulnerable To Hazards Than Others?
8a. Vulnerable Populations PPT Overview
8b. Two Earthquakes, Different Results
Why?
8c. For More Info:
REVIEW: textbook pages 181-183
8a. Vulnerable Populations PPT Overview
8b. Two Earthquakes, Different Results
Why?
8c. For More Info:
REVIEW: textbook pages 181-183
Hazard Risk and Vulnerability (Earthquakes)
What power do geophysical hazards have to affect people in different local contexts?
9. Earthquake Case Study #1 - Nepal 'Ghorka' (April 2015) Earthquake 9a) Blank Case Study Table Comparison (Download and Complete for Earthquakes) 9b) What were the particulars of the quake? Read linked articles BBC World News Report and ReliefWeb articles to fill in the beginning of your new case study table on earthquakes. 9c) What were local and international responses? Read linked articles from the UNChronicle and ReliefWeb to identify the short and medium-term responses. 9d) What is the effectiveness of the long-term response so far? Read AlJazeera's assessment of the situation. 10. Earthquake Case Study #2 - 2010 Haitian Earthquake 10a) Nepal Earthquake and Frontline: The Quake On Jan. 12, 2010, Haiti was leveled by one of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history. Those responsible for handling the catastrophe, including the Haitian state and the United Nations, were crippled by the magnitude of the disaster and struggled to respond. In the confused aftermath, survivors were left without food, water or shelter." - PBS 10b) Inside Haiti: The Response (Short-Term) As a result of the SCALE,COORDINATION, INFRASTRUCTURE, MEDICINE< HOMELESS numbers and COMMUNICATION, the short-term response to Haiti's Earthquake was limited and often ineffective. Review each topic in the linked website and record in your case study template under the appropriate section for 'short-term' response. 10c) Medium and Long-Term Response How effective has the medium and long term response been for those people affected by the quake and still living in Haiti? Read and Explore: VOANews: 1 Year After the Quake, Haiti Still In Ruins HuffingtonPost: 7 Years After the Quake, Millions Still Need Aid 10d) Comparison: Haiti vs. Nepal? The earthquakes in Haiti and Nepal are often compared to each other for they are remarkably similar; both occurred LEDCs (less economically developed countries) and shared similar characteristics such as magnitude, depth of focus, and terrible aftershocks or secondary hazards. However in terms of the sheer number of people affected, many argue Haiti was the larger disaster. (See chart to right) Lessons from Haiti - The Independent Building a New Nepal - Lessons from Haiti IN YOUR NOTES: - Discuss which earthquake was more devastating. - Contrast the short-term response between the two countries. - Contrast the long-term response between the two countries. - Suggest lessons that 'should have been learned’ from Haiti for Nepal? Were they learned? Why or why not? |
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11. LEDC vs MEDC: How do preparation levels impact the vulnerability?
Residents of Tokyo received a minute of warning before the strong shaking hit the city, thanks to Japan's earthquake early warning system. The country's stringent seismic building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. People in Japan also received texted alerts of the earthquake and tsunami warnings on their cellphones." -livescience 11a) Japan's Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW) is one of the best in the world. See this brochure which will tell you how to prepare in the event of an earthquake 5-50 seconds away. 11b) Use the Tohoku Earthquake PPT and the Tohoku Earthquake Worksheet to briefly review the earthquake characteristics and mitigation strategies employed by the world's third largest economy |
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Geophysical Systems (Landslides)
How geological processes give rise to geophysical events of differing type and magnitude?
12. Characteristics of Landslides Students should know: Classification of mass movement types according to cause (physical and human), liquidity, speed of onset, duration, extent and frequency 12a) Use the Mass Movement Interactive to become familiar with this new geophysical process. Read and click through the 'Home', 'Overview' and 'Model' sections. 12b) Review the Landslides - Processes Intro PPT and download and save a copy of the Landslides - Processes Notes to complete questions for review and skip on the note-taking! 12c) Ensure you understand shear strength and shear stress and the increasing/decreasing factors of resistance) textbook pages: 173-175 |
Geophysical Hazard Risks (Landslides)
How geophysical systems generate hazard risks for different places?
13a) Using the Global Risk Data Platform:
DESCRIBE which areas of the world have experienced the most landslides due to earthquakes. Then DESCRIBE which areas of the world have the most landslides due to precipitation. SUGGEST why these areas are most at risk for either factor. DESCRIBE which areas of the world are most at risk of landslides. SUGGEST why these areas have been given the highest risk rating for landslides due to precipitation using your geographic factors. (Hint: Using textbook 181-185 OR your notes!) 13b) Landslides - Risk and Spatial Patterns Worksheet Worksheet covers the total impacts and causes of major landslides of the past century using textbook prompts. Look for patterns! |
Hazard Risk and Vulnerability (Landslides)
What power do geophysical hazards have to affect people in different local contexts?
14a) Mass Movement Case Study: Use the blank template case study table below to complete research into a chosen mass movement (any mass movement with the exception of mudslides/flows) is possible! 14b) Use the articles linked below to complete the second column of your case study table for 2017 mudslides in Freetown, Sierra Leone Landslides and Flooding in Sierra Leone Mudslides in Sierra Leone Kill More than 1000 How Can Sierra Leone learn from Mudslides to Prevent Future Deaths? Mudslides: A Preventable Social Disaster or an Inevitable Hazard Disaster? |
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